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Cover. Shippocho House [House in Shippocho], Nagoya, Japan [2011]. Architecture: Toshihito Yokouchi Architect & Associate. Photographer: Isao Aihara.
The 'engawa' is a modern interpretation of one of the most pronounced and distinguishing qualities of traditional Japanese architecture and way of life – the ‘edge’ and 'connection' at the side of a house or Zen Buddhist temple which functions as a verandah for viewing the garden.2
To establish both a physical and visual, gentle flow of life between public and private spaces, is not only a question of new floor-to-lintel door-window openings and ‘French doors’; but also a question of how the indoor-outdoor connections between the two areas is designed and detailed. Sharply demarcated borders or abrupt changes - where one is either in a completely private territory indoors or in a completely public area outside – will make outdoor stays [the key word is staying] more or less impossible, because edge conditions are very poor.
The design goal of prospect-refuge can be summarised as the insertion of what Kisho Kurokawa calls an ‘intermediary zone’6 i.e., engawa: into the semiprivate front yard with a view of the street; and beside the door-window looking out onto outside space. Architecturally, it is multi-dimensional, serving simultaneously as a shelter against rain, wind, and summer heat; an outdoor verandah to stop, sit, and view the garden; and a connecting space where inside and out merge as one.7 Perhaps the most important role of the engawa is as an open-air vestibule where simple social transactions can be conducted or extended conversations can take place, while drinking tea and eating snacks8 - in a relaxed and undemanding way.9
The engawa incorporates three classical motifs of traditional Japanese architecture which have been perfected over 2000 years of trial and error.10 These motifs are indicated as being: a broad 3½ ft. deep [1,060 mm.] edging strip of raised floor planks; 'ishibatate' or 'standing on the stones'11 post-and-lintel skeleton frame construction;12 and a large pitched ‘hidden roof’ ['noyane'] composed of an externally visible first roof and a second roof visible only from under the projecting eaves.13 The predominant building material is wood: Mainly softwoods such as Douglas Fir and British Larch, but also resistant hardwoods, such as European Oak - selected for grain and natural beauty, polished, and seldom [if ever] marred by paint. In addition, most structural materials will be ‘exposed’ and will not be hidden;14 to show the art and craftsmanship of traditional Japanese carpentry and joinery.
Described as ‘rapid accelerated timber frame construction’, the process starts at a workshop, where the architectural drawings are turned into shop drawings that the computers can read by a team of highly skilled carpenters.15 From here, the major components forming both the framework and roof, are milled, hand-finished, and pre-fit in advance, for ease of assembly and disassembly in the construction process.16 As a result, the actual building process consists of merely assembling the various components, and takes but a few days: the groundsill is provided with a foundation of natural stone post bases; the posts are erected upon the bases in standard distances and connected to each other by a horizontal lintel, thus completing the upright framework. Upon the lintel, rafters and purlins are laid; the roof is covered and loaded with tiles.
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Fig.5. Porte-fenstre
A wood, weather-stripped frame and a single side hung – outward or inward - sash around a two-pane insulated glazing unit, serving as a window and a door. The conventional use of two window sashes – one active, and one non-active leaf - is deliberately avoided in order to maximise the amount of natural light passing through the opening as well as minimise the visual impact of window bars and sashes, as the sitter gazes towards the brightness of the garden. Perhaps, more importantly, it becomes part of a living concept that allows for an easy progression from indoors to outdoors, with decks, terraces and gardens seen as natural extensions of personal living and dining space.
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Fig.1. Mid-terrace @ semiprivate front yard with engawa verandah and tsubo-niwa 1.50
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Fig.2. Front facade beside engawa verandah and tsubo-niwa 1.24
Modelled on the refined shoin-zukuri timber-floored open corridor or verandah constructed around the outside of a traditional Japanese Zen Buddhist temple or house, and crafted primarily from solid wood, the engawa or en [‘edge’ and ‘connection’] space comprises of an elevated viewing deck of slatted floor planks [across its width]; a post-and-lintel skeleton frame raised upon a series of tapered granite bases [along its length]; and a ‘hidden roof’ consisting of an externally visible and exposed large slanting roof plane with overhanging eaves; and an intricate and elaborate framework visible only from under the eaves [along its length].
Note 8. Tsubo-niwa
A key feature of some traditional Japanese machiya [townhouses], shops and temples - adapted to the context of the traditional semiprivate front yard with a view of the street - the tsubo-niwa is a small to very small courtyard garden characterised by two simple yet beautiful elements: a ‘living screen’ that is designed to be enjoyed while seated on the outdoor deck or in the main living area of the house, while adding some privacy and intimacy for the sitter; and a path of white gravel or sand, to establish what is generally referred to as a threshold - an acoustic zone of passage or pause between the very public residential street and the semiprivate engawa or verandah.
An expanse of closely spaced shrubs, grasses, sometimes ornamental trees, and curved water bowls, planted and trained along the periphery or edge of a deck or terrace. Its special character is primarily the result of how it pursues its mission, which takes it far beyond fulfilling the typical role of clipped hedges as garden elements for separating or dividing space, privacy or seclusion, screening an unsightly view, or perhaps protection from wind, rain, and sun. Although meeting all these on a high level of artistry, it is to the eyes and mind while resting, that they make their chiefest appeal.
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Fig.1. Whole-house roof plan 1.40
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Fig.2. Whole-house ground floor plan incl. enfilade 1.40
A common feature in grand European architecture from the Baroque period onward, an enfilade is a series of rooms in which the doors entering each space are aligned with the doors of the connecting space, to facilitate movement through the building, and to provide a vista [a pleasing view] through successive rooms. In a contemporary context, the enfilade is a series of door-windows that allow the heart of the dwelling - the living and dining spaces – to be lightly divided without destroying the concept of a generous, fluid and almost uninterrupted corridor or network of indoor-outdoor spaces and places along the north-south axis.
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Fig.3. Ground floor plan @ rear and front reception thresholds 1.20
A threshold is a transitional zone of movement or pause between two adjacent, rarely identical spaces e.g. inside and outside or spatial statuses e.g. a very public residential street to a very private living space. Contrary to the manner of connecting interior and exterior space today, which is too often and too quickly resolved by nothing more than a solid door; gravel [for its acoustic qualities], in-between spaces, and porte-fenestres [‘door-windows’] are employed to construct a more ambiguous, aesthetically-pleasing transitional zone, that fuses the house with the atmospheric qualities of the garden, nature and street, rather than muting it.
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Fig.4. Longitudinal elevation @ street/semiprivate front yard 1.32
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Fig.5. Longitudinal section aa @ semiprivate front yard 1.32
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Fig.6. Longitudinal section aa @ water bowl/rain chain junction 1.4
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Fig.7. Longitudinal section cc and ground floor plan @ front porte-fenetre 1.20
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Fig.8. Cross-section gg @ semiprivate front yard 1.12
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Fig.9. Cross-section gg @ water bowl/rain chain junction 1.6
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Fig.10. Cross-section hh @ front porte-fenetre 1.12
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Fig.1. Cross-section gg @ semiprivate front yard 1.16
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Fig.2. Section gg @ front water bowl/rain chain junction 1.4
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Fig.3. Section hh @ existing front picture window 1.16
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Fig.4. Section hh @ front portes-fenetres 1.16
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Fig.5. Section hh @ front porte-fenetre/lintel junction 1.2
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Fig.6. Section hh @ front portes-fenetre/threshold junction 1.2
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Fig.7. Section ii @ front porte-fenetre 1.8
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Fig.8. Section ii @ front porte-fenetre: box frame/thermal insulation junction 1.2
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Fig.1. Substructure and superstructure 1.16
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Fig.2. Substructure and superstructure exploded 1.24
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Fig.3. Timber post-and-lintel skeleton frame @ edge 1.2
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Fig.4. Timber post-and-lintel skeleton frame @ midpoint 1.2
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Fig.5. Timber post and solid plank floor @ midpoint 1.2
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Fig.1. Whole-house roof plan 1.40
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Fig.2. Whole-house ground floor plan 1.40
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Fig.3. Ground floor plan @ front and back thresholds 1.20
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Fig.4. Ground floor plan @ deck/living screen junction 1.4
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Fig.5. Ground floor plan @ post/water bowl junction 1.2
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Fig.6. Longitudinal elevation @ street/semiprivate front yard 1.32
![](https://cdn.myportfolio.com/dea71098-0d94-4fd8-8fdc-0091947c5546/874fc3bc-e529-483d-aefc-66452e07ca10_rw_1920.jpg?h=7cba097c2d433d3c218f95f50dbc1f52)
Fig.7. Longitudinal section aa @ semiprivate front yard 1.32
![](https://cdn.myportfolio.com/dea71098-0d94-4fd8-8fdc-0091947c5546/330f20e2-0a06-4629-99b8-9b0fe5412f39_rw_1920.jpg?h=4c2acd17b0824844d6e69a72c2dbb4a0)
Fig.8. Longitudinal section aa @ rain chain/water bowl junction 1.4
![](https://cdn.myportfolio.com/dea71098-0d94-4fd8-8fdc-0091947c5546/2758e1b4-ba66-4d90-aa56-ece12347b23b_rw_1920.jpg?h=16424ec73fa61b2c76f0e96ebee34b35)
Fig.9. Longitudinal section bb @ semiprivate front yard 1.32
![](https://cdn.myportfolio.com/dea71098-0d94-4fd8-8fdc-0091947c5546/9f395a10-dc80-41b7-b335-8f977f4663dd_rw_1920.jpg?h=8d50b469113f935244c540ab0e836c03)
Fig.10. Longitudinal section bb @ timber post-and-lintel skeleton frame [midpoint] 1.2
![](https://cdn.myportfolio.com/dea71098-0d94-4fd8-8fdc-0091947c5546/5644fe4f-e342-4b3d-be95-03904a22b74a_rw_1920.jpg?h=9be93a4f94baf0fab263d6f9754790c9)
Fig.11. Longitudinal section bb @ timber post-and-floor structural framework [midpoint] 1.2
![](https://cdn.myportfolio.com/dea71098-0d94-4fd8-8fdc-0091947c5546/aca9ef6c-d78a-44ee-87e6-b3cfb9910318_rw_1920.jpg?h=e857e4451db0b6b47b789da13a2c5039)
Fig.12. Longitudinal section cc @ front facade 1.32
![](https://cdn.myportfolio.com/dea71098-0d94-4fd8-8fdc-0091947c5546/2200b095-605f-4dd2-9c58-1c3d0159f31b_rw_1920.jpg?h=48f9d872d9d7e41176d143ffc2e5735a)
Fig.13. Longitudinal section cc and ground floor plan @ front threshold 1.16
![](https://cdn.myportfolio.com/dea71098-0d94-4fd8-8fdc-0091947c5546/e70a8ae8-1626-4d52-bb8e-cacb3065a860_rw_1920.jpg?h=5e7b069f65a4d36ac315d555cca42bbc)
Fig.14. Longitudinal section cc @ front facade/'hidden roof' junction 1.4
![](https://cdn.myportfolio.com/dea71098-0d94-4fd8-8fdc-0091947c5546/7a094728-e4e3-48dc-b13e-096fb69c9eb1_rw_1920.jpg?h=6fbeaae3355c2ab85221f2bdf3728807)
Fig.15. Cross-section gg @ semiprivate front yard/street 1.20
![](https://cdn.myportfolio.com/dea71098-0d94-4fd8-8fdc-0091947c5546/b6c90746-af0a-4a10-a8c0-9f1e8ad6deae_rw_1920.jpg?h=90f6c12d8eb1aabaa1818d3c535e24bc)
Fig.16. Cross-section gg @ semiprivate front yard 1.12
![](https://cdn.myportfolio.com/dea71098-0d94-4fd8-8fdc-0091947c5546/a5bf8248-33cb-44fe-9aa2-e6c819e5954a_rw_1920.jpg?h=196d7ea9a446f1776dc4257df6cb3cb8)
Fig.17. Cross-section gg @ front wall/'hidden roof' junction 1.2
![](https://cdn.myportfolio.com/dea71098-0d94-4fd8-8fdc-0091947c5546/5eac9041-21a9-4868-b4cc-494477c0923e_rw_1920.jpg?h=29c691be87817bf836805767af888040)
Fig.18. Cross-section gg @ eave/rain chain junction 1.1
![](https://cdn.myportfolio.com/dea71098-0d94-4fd8-8fdc-0091947c5546/4f202880-477e-4616-986b-4cda319d9786_rw_1920.jpg?h=911f0cf553b13b74e2b41e976e615e63)
Fig.19. Cross-section gg @ rain chain/water bowl junction 1.6
![](https://cdn.myportfolio.com/dea71098-0d94-4fd8-8fdc-0091947c5546/e2d0c008-848d-438a-841e-d475f3b25736_rw_1920.jpg?h=55b8c62c20c6e54a30677cfb09c13185)
Fig.20. Cross-section hh @ front porte-fenêtre 1.12
![](https://cdn.myportfolio.com/dea71098-0d94-4fd8-8fdc-0091947c5546/1cbaac75-9f9d-4c69-8710-2a62e35c6497_rw_1920.jpg?h=60b1e48f574ead8e964dde152987c1bd)
Fig.21. Cross-section hh @ front lintel and threshold junctions 1.2
![](https://cdn.myportfolio.com/dea71098-0d94-4fd8-8fdc-0091947c5546/97b46144-f32f-4a0f-94f2-6259b5841d3a_rw_1920.png?h=ff26647e8a2b4d9bfe28cdf621407606)
+ small secluded visual gardens